But oil pumped in these places tends to be much more expensive than oil from more conventional sources.

In a presentation to analysts at the New York Stock Exchange, executives from the world’s largest publicly traded oil company highlighted eight projects that started up in 2009. Three of them are what most would consider unconventional: A liquefied natural gas terminal off the Italian coast, a liquefied natural gas terminal off the English coast, and a shale natural gas facility in Colorado.

Of the eight major projects the company plans to start up in the near future, six were unconventional. They include two liquefied natural gas facilities, in Qatar and Texas, an Arctic oil production facility in Sakhalin Island off Russia’s far east coast, two deep water projects off Angola, and an oil sands project in Alberta, Canada.

In fact, some three-quarters of the company’s oil reserves are in these more expensive production areas.

What is unconventional?

Exxon boss Rex Tillerson said what’s considered conventional and unconventional is a matter of opinion, and that the company only considers 10% of its reserves to be truly unconventional. But Tillerson said the move to more unconventional sources is happening.

"We anticipate it will grow in the future, and we hope it will grow with the positions we’ve taken," he said.

But Exxon isn’t alone. Easily accessible oil is becoming harder to find, and nations that have it are demanding a bigger cut of the profits. The entire industry is confronted with drilling for more expensive oil. It’s one of the main reasons why most analysts don’t expect oil prices to return to the $20-range of the late 1990s.

Liquefied natural gas is harder to bring to market than regular gas. First the gas must be converted to liquid to transport it from its source in remote areas to where it can be used, generally close to major population centers. Then it must be converted back into a gas for usage.

Oil sands are a heavy, tar-like substance that requires lots of processing to turn into a usable oil. Shale gas lies in rock that must be cracked with chemicals and water to bring it to the surface. Projects in deep water or the Arctic require expensive infrastructure to reach the oil.

This all raises the cost. It’s thought that oil in Saudi Arabia, which is relatively easy to produce, can be pumped for as little as $5 a barrel. Costs vary greatly for unconventional projects, but can be $40 a barrel or higher.

What about gasoline prices?

When it comes to gasoline prices, Tillerson said he doesn’t expect to see much of an increase this summer, mainly due to lack of demand.

"Given the state of the economy, my guess is people aren’t feeling a whole lot better about this year’s vacation than they were last year," he said. "If there is any uptick, I’d expect it to be very modest."

On Iraq, he said the security situation seems to be improving and was hopeful Exxon can fulfill its commitment to develop a key Iraqi oil field in the coming years.

Exxon was one of several companies to recently win oil contracts in Iraq. The government there hopes the country can eventually produce as much oil as Saudi Arabia.

"They’ve been more enthusiastic about our joint work than we anticipated," said Tillerson, referring to the Exxon’s partnership with Iraq’s national oil company. "We feel reasonably positive about moving forward."

While Exxon (XOM, Fortune 500) is bullish about using natural gas to make electricity, Tillerson did not hold out much hope for using the fuel to power cars and trucks, as some in Congress, along with oilman T. Bone Pickens, have suggested.

He said natural gas is not a dense enough fuel to use in most cars and trucks, would require significant investments in infrastructure to distribute, and that it would take more time to fill up each vehicle.

"I can’t make the math work on why anybody would do that," he said. 

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Samsung and Panasonic will start selling 3-D TVs in U.S. stores this week, inaugurating what manufacturers hope is the era of 3-D viewing in the living room. But because the sets require glasses, and there is for now little to watch in the enhanced format, it will take at least a few years for the technology to become mainstream, if it happens at all.

Samsung Electronics Co. announced Tuesday that for $3,000, buyers get a 46-inch set, two pairs of glasses and a 3-D Blu-ray player. Panasonic Corp. will start selling sets Wednesday.

The sales debut comes as moviegoers have shown considerable enthusiasm for the latest wave of 3-D titles in the theater totally free credit score.

Although it’s clear that 3-D sets for the home will appeal to technology and home-theater enthusiasts, it remains to be seen whether other consumers will be enticed to spend at least $500 above the price of a comparably sized standard TV and Blu-ray player.

TV makers hope so, because sets with the last big technological improvement — high definition — have come way down in price, below $500.

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Gun owners bearing arms have been gathering at various Starbucks locations in states where it’s legal to do so in public. That’s sparked protests from gun-control advocates and kudos from pro-gun groups.

The coffee chain says that its stores simply abide by state laws, and it is legal to carry weapons in 43 states. But businesses have the right to prohibit customers from carrying guns in their establishments despite state laws, and that’s the crux of this particular dust-up.

"While we deeply respect the views of all of our customers, Starbucks’ long-standing approach to this issue remains unchanged," the company said in a statement. "We comply with local laws and statutes in all the communities we serve."

Starbucks (SBUX, Fortune 500) said the gun-toting gatherings first began at its stores in Northern California after two other chains, San Francisco-based Peet’s Coffee & Tea and California Pizza Kitchen, put policies in place to prevent gun owners from carrying firearms in their stores.

The Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence then wrote a letter to Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz, urging Starbucks to enforce a similar policy. On its Web site, the Brady Campaign is soliciting supporters through an online petition that urges Starbucks to offer "espresso shots, not gunshots" and reverse its corporate policy.

On the other side of the debate, gun rights advocates are pleased with Starbucks’ decision. Forum members of OpenCarry.org, a pro-gun Internet community with nearly 28,000 members, are posting that they are "impressed" with Starbucks’ stance and will regularly buy the company’s coffee to show support.

Starbucks said if it were to adopt a policy prohibiting customers from carrying guns in states where it is legal to bear firearms, that would require its employees to ask law abiding customers to leave stores, putting them in an unfair and potentially unsafe position.

The company also said the gun-control debate belongs in the legislatures and courts, not at its stores.

"Advocacy groups from both sides of this issue have chosen to use Starbucks as a way to draw attention to their positions," the company said. "As the public debate continues, we are asking all interested parties to refrain from putting Starbucks or our partners in the middle of this divisive issue."  

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Executives have said the chain decided to start overhauling its recipes more than 18 months ago after mounting criticism from focus groups and on social media sites.

And it boldly admitted in a series of documentary-style spots that under its old recipe, customers complained its crust tasted like cardboard and its sauce was reminiscent of ketchup.

The company began promoting its new pizza in December. That helped profit climb to $23.6 million, or 41 cents per share, compared with $11 million, or 19 cents, a year earlier.

Removing one-time items, the company’s profit was 30 cents per share — well ahead of forecasts.

Sales improved to $462.9 million from $428.2 million. Analysts expected a profit of 25 cents per share with sales of $437.5 million.

In the U.S., sales at stores open at least a year grew 1.4 percent, while overseas — which comprises nearly half of global retail sales — climbed 3.9 percent. This figure is a key measure of a retailer’s performance since it measures results at existing stores rather than newly opened ones free credit score online.

Meanwhile, Chairman and Chief Executive David Brandon said traffic increased all of last year and has continued to grow in 2010.

The question remains, though, whether Domino’s can keep the momentum going, or whether the novelty of the new recipe will wane.

"When a restaurant company radically changes their menu, usually there’s a curiosity bump involved in the results," said Morningstar analyst R.J. Hottovy.

"But it’s too early to tell if that’s going to be sustainable for a long time."

Full-year profit surged 48 percent to $79.7 million, or $1.38 per share, from $54 million, or 93 cents, a year ago. Adjusted earnings were 87 cents per share. Annual revenue fell 2 percent to $1.4 billion from $1.43 billion.

Domino’s does not give quarterly or full-year profit outlooks, but did provide some long-term same-store sales forecasts. The pizza chain predicts domestic sales at stores open at least a year will rise 1 percent to 3 percent, with international sales at stores open at least a year up 3 percent to 5 percent.

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Markopolos, a former derivatives fund manager turned fraud investigator, became an instant star after Madoff’s fund imploded, emerging as one of the few sympathetic figures of the financial crisis. A self-described quant, Markopolos contends it took him five minutes to realize that Madoff’s vaunted returns were impossible.

These days, Markopolos hunts fraud at major corporations. He looks for whistleblowers at places like trade shows and bars near corporate offices and convinces them to file lawsuits under the False Claim Act. He gets a piece of any settlement.

Markopolos is still waiting for his big payday, but next week marks the debut of his book, "No One Would Listen: A True Financial Thriller," the story of his quest to expose Madoff and his Ponzi scheme.

James Bandler caught up with Markopolos in Boston recently to discuss the book, and how he’s doing with his life as an agent for whistleblowers. Edited excerpts are below:

Since Madoff, I would imagine every whistleblower in America would want to talk to you.

I’ve gotten a lot of interesting evidence mailed to me and some of it has been borderline lunacy, like, who killed Kennedy type of thing. Others have been grounded probably in a good set of facts, but they’re not my cases. The negatives are that my undercover days are over. I can’t be anonymous. I don’t want to be recognized with whistleblowers, because it would be harmful to their careers. I have to wear disguises more.

What do you have, wigs?

I don’t want to go into it, because that would be stupid. That’s operational security.

You were a whistleblower and you work with them now. What is the profile of the whistleblower’s personality?

If you don’t have a strong belief system, you’re not going to be a whistleblower. You have to be crazy-brave. The risks are all weighted to the downside.

Crazy-brave?

Yes. You cannot have self-doubt. You just have to go forward and say I believe in this country. I believe in these core values. I know if I get outed and get caught, I’ve committed economic suicide for myself and my family. I’m going to be on the industry blacklist easy payday loans.

You write that you were afraid that Madoff or shady gangster clients would try to kill you if they fingered you as the whistleblower. You took to checking under your car for bombs and you carried a gun everywhere with you.

I didn’t know if I was going to live through it.

You were so afraid of being identified by Madoff that you wore gloves (in 2002) when you handed a packet of information to an aide of Eliot Spitzer so that your fingerprints would not be on the documents. Were you being overly paranoid?

I had twin boys that were going to be born three months later, and I wanted to make sure that they would have a father. I knew that Spitzer came from a very wealthy family and that it was possible that he was a Madoff investor. (In fact, Spitzer’s family real estate company did lose money in the scandal.)

What would’ve you done differently?

I can think of two things that would’ve influenced the action and hopefully brought this to a successful resolution. One is approach Spitzer in the open. Take the risk. Shake his hand, look him in the eye, say, ‘I’m Harry Markopolos, I’m president of the 4,000-member Boston Security Analysts Society. I’m a derivatives expert and this is what I know about Bernie Madoff. He’s a fraud.’

I wish I had confronted Mr. Spitzer to his face. Or I should have gone to (Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth) Bill Galvin. He’d taken on Wall Street titans like Spitzer had. He was a hometown boy like me.

In your book, you write that when Madoff was interviewed by the SEC inspector general and asked about you, he dismissed you as a "joke in the industry." What would you tell Madoff if you met him?

I wouldn’t want to meet him. I think he’s a pathological liar and a predator. I think he’s mentally twisted, and I know a lot more about him than he knows about me. He hunted at funerals and weddings. He’s the lowest form of scum. I don’t want to meet him or his family. I don’t want anything to do with him. I don’t want to be that close to evil.

Read more of James Bandler’s interview with Markopolos 

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The Bryn Mawr, Pa.-based water and wastewater utility holding company earned $26.7 million, or 20 cents per fully diluted share, in the quarter. The average estimate of eight analysts polled by Thomson Reuters was that it would earn 20 cents per share in the quarter. It earned $25.7 million, or 19 cents per fully diluted share, in the fourth quarter of 2008.

Aqua America’s revenue in the quarter was $167.9 million, up from $159.8 million in the fourth quarter of 2008. The average revenue estimate of six analysts polled by Thomson Reuters was $176 cash advance america.2 million.

In all 2009, the company earned $104.4 million, or 77 cents per fully diluted share, on revenue of $670.5 million. All the figures were increases from 2008, when Aqua America (NYSE:WTR) earned $97.9 million, or 73 cents per share, on revenue of $627 million.

Nicholas DeBenedictis, the company’s chairman and CEO, said in Aqua America’s earnings press release that he expected its earnings to continue to rebound in 2010, supported by an improving economy, a return to normal weather patterns and the successful completion of rate cases it has pending.

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The proportion of British companies reporting an increase in the cost of new borrowing dropped to 40 percent from 47 percent in the previous quarter, the EEF said in a report today. The lobby group based its findings on a survey of 328 companies taken between Jan. 28 and Feb. 17.

“Evidence that credit constraints have started to calm down will help build some confidence across the sector,” Lee Hopley, chief economist at the EEF, said in an e-mailed statement. “The key question is whether the banks will be there for manufacturers as a return to growth generates greater demand for finance.”

The EEF forecast last year that the economy, which expanded 0.1 percent in the fourth quarter, will grow 0.9 percent in 2010. Prime Minister Gordon Brown is counting on the credit squeeze to ease further, aiding the recovery in time for an election which he must call by June.

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“Monetary policy must therefore be careful not to overstay a very expansionary setting,” Stevens told lawmakers at a parliamentary committee hearing in Canberra today.

Policy makers said this week their decision to unexpectedly keep interest rates unchanged this month was “finely balanced” amid concern that European sovereign-debt risks may weaken the global economic recovery. Stevens said borrowing costs in Australia are still between 50 and 100 basis points below what the central bank considers “normal.”

“Stevens is quite bullish on domestic growth, but whether that translates into a March hike is another matter,” said Adam Carr, an economist at ICAP Australia Ltd. in Sydney. “I don’t know what more they need to see to hike again — it should already be very clear cut.”

The Australian dollar traded at 89.25 U.S. cents at 9:56 a.m. in Sydney from 89.38 cents before the governor’s testimony began. The yield on two-year government bonds rose six basis points, or 0.06 percentage point, to 4.31 percent from 4.25 yesterday. A basis point is 0.01 percentage point.

Stevens was the first central banker in the world to raise borrowing costs three times last year, taking the cash rate target to 3.75 percent in December from 3 percent at the start of October.

‘Further Adjustments’

“If economic conditions evolve roughly as we expect, further adjustments to monetary policy will probably be needed over time to ensure that inflation remains consistent” with the bank’s target range of 2 percent to 3 percent, Stevens said.

Stevens’s testimony today came after the Federal Reserve Board raised the discount rate charged to banks for direct loans by a quarter point to 0.75 percent, another step in the U.S. central bank’s gradual retreat from its unprecedented actions to halt the deepest financial crisis since the Great Depression. The Fed left the benchmark overnight lending rate in a range of zero to 0.25 percent at its meeting on Jan. 27.

Traders are betting there is a 38 percent chance of a quarter- percentage-point rate increase when the Reserve Bank of Australia next meets on March 2, according to Bloomberg calculations based on interbank futures on the Sydney Futures Exchange at 10:02 a.m. Prior to today’s testimony, chances of a move stood at 40 percent.

Below Normal

“We’re still below normal, I would say, which hitherto has been the appropriate place to be,” Stevens said. “There’s a little distance to go before you could characterize interest rates as normal.”

Stevens said unemployment has peaked at less than 6 percent, “much lower than we or most others forecast.”

Australia is experiencing its biggest jobs boom in five years. Employers added 194,600 workers in the five months through January, cutting the unemployment rate to an 11-month low of 5.3 percent, almost half European Union and U.S. levels.

The jobs surge should help spur the economy, one of the few to skirt last year’s global recession after Prime Minister Kevin Rudd distributed more than A$20 billion ($18 billion) in cash to households and began spending another A$22 billion on roads, railways and schools.

The central bank forecast on Feb. 5 that gross domestic product will rise at an annual pace of 3.25 percent in the three months through December 2010, up from 2 percent in the final quarter of 2009.

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Greece used the swaps to defer interest repayments by several years, according to a Feb. 1 report commissioned by the Finance Ministry in Athens. The document didn’t identify the securities firms Greece used. The government turned to Goldman Sachs Group Inc. in 2002 to obtain $1 billion through a swap agreement, Christoforos Sardelis, head of Greece’s Public Debt Management Agency between 1999 and 2004, said in an interview last week.

“While swaps should be strictly limited to those that lead to a permanent reduction in interest spending, some of these agreements have been made to move interest from the present year to the future, with long-term damage to the Greek state,” the Finance Ministry report said. The 106-page dossier is now being examined by lawmakers.

European Union leaders last week ordered Greece to get its deficit under control and vowed “determined” action to staunch the worst crisis in the euro’s 11-year history. Standard & Poor’s and Fitch Ratings are questioning Greece over its use of the swap agreements, said two people with direct knowledge of the situation, who declined to be identified because the talks are private.

“Greece used accounting tricks to hide its deficit and this is a huge problem,” Wolfgang Gerke, president of the Bavarian Center of Finance in Munich and Honorary Professor at the European Business School, said in an interview. “The rating agencies are doing the right thing, but it may be too little too late. The EU slept through this.”

Euro Criteria

Lucas van Praag, a spokesman for New York-based Goldman Sachs, the most profitable securities firm in Wall Street history, didn’t respond to e-mails seeking comment.

Greece, whose burgeoning budget deficit caused it to fail the criteria for joining the single European currency in 1999, joined the Euro in 2001. Member nations had to reduce their budget deficit to less than 3 percent of gross domestic product and trim national debt to less than 60 percent of GDP.

Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou, who came to power in October after defeating two-term incumbent Kostas Karamanlis, more than tripled the 2009 deficit estimate to 12.7 percent. Greek officials last month pledged to provide more reliable statistics after the EU complained of “severe irregularities” in the nation’s economic figures free business cards.

‘Political Interference’

The Finance Ministry report blamed “political interference” for the collapse of credibility in Greece’s statistics. There were “serious weaknesses” in data collection, especially with spending figures, as information often came from second-hand sources, the report found.

The Goldman Sachs transaction consisted of a cross-currency swap of about $10 billion of debt issued by Greece in dollars and yen, Sardelis said. That was swapped into euros using a historical exchange rate, a mechanism that implied a reduction in debt and generated about $1 billion of funding for that year, he said. Eurostat, the EU’s Luxembourg-based statistics office, and the rating companies were both aware of the plan, he said.

Officials for Eurostat couldn’t be reached for comment. Officials for Fitch, Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s didn’t return calls seeking comment outside regular office hours yesterday.

‘Deal Restructured’

Sardelis said the agreement was restructured “a couple” of times while he was still in office. He left in 2004 and joined Banca IMI, the investment-banking unit of Italy’s Intesa Sanpaolo SpA’s. He said the fees, or the spread that Goldman Sachs was paid on the contract, were “reasonable.” The New York-based firm made about $300 million from the agreement, the New York Times reported Feb. 14.

Goldman Sachs bankers including President Gary Cohn traveled to Athens in November to pitch a deal that would push debt from the country’s health-care services into the future, the newspaper reported, citing two people briefed on the meeting. Greece rejected the offer, the New York Times said.

The government met with major international banks over the last month in order to explore options and discuss their involvement in financing Greek national debt, said an official at the Greek finance ministry who declined to be identified. Debt-financing operations are conducted transparently in order to be fully Eurostat-compliant, the official said.

Goldman Earnings

Goldman Sachs reported net income of $13.4 billion in 2009’s fiscal year, outpacing the $11.6 billion profit in 2007, its next-best year. The shares doubled last year to $168.84.

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A drop in stock prices is “more than a warning sign,” Greenspan said yesterday on NBC’s “Meet the Press” program. “It’s important to remember that equity values, stock prices, are not just paper profits. They actually have a profoundly important impact on economic activity.”

U.S. stocks on Feb. 5 finished a fourth consecutive weekly decline, the longest such stretch since July. The Dow Jones Industrial Average through Feb. 5 had fallen 4 percent in 2010.

Unemployment likely will stay around 9 or 10 percent for most of this year, Greenspan said. “It’s very difficult to make the case that unemployment is coming down any time soon,” the former Fed chief said.

The U.S. has lost 8.4 million jobs since the recession, the deepest since the Great Depression of the 1930s, began more than two years ago. Unemployment topped 10 percent in October — the first time that’s happened in a quarter century — before retreating to 9.7 percent in January, according to Labor Department statistics.

Greenspan, who served as Fed chairman from 1987 until 2006, said the most useful step Congress could take to create jobs at this point would be to enact tax cuts for small businesses.

“They are the big creator of jobs,” he said. “But they won’t hire anybody if they don’t have any business.”

Economic Growth

Greenspan said the fourth-quarter’s economic growth rate was helped by inventory rebuilding, suggesting the U.S. economy “shot our ammunition” at the end of 2009. That means economic growth now “doesn’t have the strong momentum I hoped it would have,” Greenspan said.

The economy grew at a 5.7 percent annual rate during the last three months of 2009, the fastest pace in six years, according to Commerce Department data. That was the second quarterly increase in gross domestic product following four consecutive declines, the longest stretch of losses since records began in 1947.

In the residential property market, Greenspan said home prices are “bottoming out.” The housing market was the epicenter of the recession, and foreclosures are projected to set a record this year, according to private forecasts.

Regarding the federal budget deficit, which the Obama administration projects at more than $1 trillion for the second consecutive year, Greenspan said a tax increase will be needed and that the budget shortfall threatens the country’s standing in financial markets.

Tax Increase

“I have no doubt that we have to raise taxes in order to close this huge deficit, but we cannot do it wholly on the tax side, because that would significantly erode the rate of growth in the economy and the tax base, and the revenues that would be achieved would be far less” than one would expect, Greenspan said.

On Feb. 4, Congress approved increasing the federal debt limit by $1.9 trillion, to $14.3 trillion, enough to prevent lawmakers from having to raise it again before November’s midterm elections. The increase was more than twice the size of any of the four previous debt increases approved in the past two years.

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