Finance & Business World

Harry Markopolos spent nine years fruitlessly trying to convince the Securities & Exchange Commission that Bernard Madoff’s investment operation was a scam.

Markopolos, a former derivatives fund manager turned fraud investigator, became an instant star after Madoff’s fund imploded, emerging as one of the few sympathetic figures of the financial crisis. A self-described quant, Markopolos contends it took him five minutes to realize that Madoff’s vaunted returns were impossible.

These days, Markopolos hunts fraud at major corporations. He looks for whistleblowers at places like trade shows and bars near corporate offices and convinces them to file lawsuits under the False Claim Act. He gets a piece of any settlement.

Markopolos is still waiting for his big payday, but next week marks the debut of his book, "No One Would Listen: A True Financial Thriller," the story of his quest to expose Madoff and his Ponzi scheme.

James Bandler caught up with Markopolos in Boston recently to discuss the book, and how he’s doing with his life as an agent for whistleblowers. Edited excerpts are below:

Since Madoff, I would imagine every whistleblower in America would want to talk to you.

I’ve gotten a lot of interesting evidence mailed to me and some of it has been borderline lunacy, like, who killed Kennedy type of thing. Others have been grounded probably in a good set of facts, but they’re not my cases. The negatives are that my undercover days are over. I can’t be anonymous. I don’t want to be recognized with whistleblowers, because it would be harmful to their careers. I have to wear disguises more.

What do you have, wigs?

I don’t want to go into it, because that would be stupid. That’s operational security.

You were a whistleblower and you work with them now. What is the profile of the whistleblower’s personality?

If you don’t have a strong belief system, you’re not going to be a whistleblower. You have to be crazy-brave. The risks are all weighted to the downside.

Crazy-brave?

Yes. You cannot have self-doubt. You just have to go forward and say I believe in this country. I believe in these core values. I know if I get outed and get caught, I’ve committed economic suicide for myself and my family. I’m going to be on the industry blacklist easy payday loans.

You write that you were afraid that Madoff or shady gangster clients would try to kill you if they fingered you as the whistleblower. You took to checking under your car for bombs and you carried a gun everywhere with you.

I didn’t know if I was going to live through it.

You were so afraid of being identified by Madoff that you wore gloves (in 2002) when you handed a packet of information to an aide of Eliot Spitzer so that your fingerprints would not be on the documents. Were you being overly paranoid?

I had twin boys that were going to be born three months later, and I wanted to make sure that they would have a father. I knew that Spitzer came from a very wealthy family and that it was possible that he was a Madoff investor. (In fact, Spitzer’s family real estate company did lose money in the scandal.)

What would’ve you done differently?

I can think of two things that would’ve influenced the action and hopefully brought this to a successful resolution. One is approach Spitzer in the open. Take the risk. Shake his hand, look him in the eye, say, ‘I’m Harry Markopolos, I’m president of the 4,000-member Boston Security Analysts Society. I’m a derivatives expert and this is what I know about Bernie Madoff. He’s a fraud.’

I wish I had confronted Mr. Spitzer to his face. Or I should have gone to (Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth) Bill Galvin. He’d taken on Wall Street titans like Spitzer had. He was a hometown boy like me.

In your book, you write that when Madoff was interviewed by the SEC inspector general and asked about you, he dismissed you as a "joke in the industry." What would you tell Madoff if you met him?

I wouldn’t want to meet him. I think he’s a pathological liar and a predator. I think he’s mentally twisted, and I know a lot more about him than he knows about me. He hunted at funerals and weddings. He’s the lowest form of scum. I don’t want to meet him or his family. I don’t want anything to do with him. I don’t want to be that close to evil.

Read more of James Bandler’s interview with Markopolos 

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The Washington Convention and Sports Authority filed its own lawsuit in the dispute over a planned convention center hotel on Thursday, alleging that extortion attempts and abuse of the legal process by a local developer have paralyzed the authority’s attempt to build a convention center hotel.

Filed in D.C. Superior Court, the suit claims that Chevy Chase-based developer The JBG Cos. and two of its principals “unlawfully attempted to extort concessions” from a unit of Marriott International Inc. in negotiations over an unrelated property, the Washington Wardman Park Marriott.

JBG and CIM Group of Hollywood, Calif. are co-owners of Wardman Park and Marriott alleged in its own suit, filed Jan. 14, that JBG Managing Partner Ben Jacobs and Chief Development Officer Kenneth Finkelstein filed the suit only after trying to extract concessions from Marriot to build new housing at Wardman Park. The convention center authority, the claim reads, “has now learned that these suits have not been filed to redress legitimate grievances, but instead have been instituted by the defendants as a way of extracting concessions in unrelated business dealings defendants have with Marriott International Inc.”

The authority, the city and developers Capstone Development LLC and Quadrangle Development Corp fast cash. plan a 1,167-room Marriott Marquis for Ninth Street NW that convention planners believe can make D.C. a player for major shows and tourism dollars.

But JBG’s suit against the city, for what the developer claims was an unfair procurement process, prevents the convention center authority from issuing bonds for the project, part of more a more than $200 million package the city is providing for the project.

Greg O’Dell, president and CEO of the convention center authority, issued a statement saying, “We intend to be aggressive in protecting the authority’s interest to make this shovel-ready headquarters hotel project a reality.”

In its suit, JBG alleged that D.C. unfairly and illegally provided a sweetheart deal to Marriott and its development partners. However, the authority attributed the dispute to JBG having purchased the Wardman Park “at the height of the real estate boom, and having seen values and profits plummet in the years since, sought in July to reduce their losses at Wardman Park by seeking concessions from Marriott in connection with Marriott’s management agreement for the Wardman Park.”

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BAGHDAD–A consortium led by Russia's private oil giant Lukoil on Tuesday signed an initial deal with Iraq to develop one of its biggest oilfields, an agreement key to the war-ravaged nation's efforts to boost the output of a resource crucial to its postwar reconstruction efforts.

Lukoil had partnered with Norway's Statoil ASA to bid to develop the 12.88 billion barrel West Qurna Phase 2 field, the crown jewel of the 15 fields offered during Iraq's second postwar oil licensing round held earlier this month.

Under the 20-year deal which is slated to be presented Thursday to Iraq's Cabinet, the companies plan to produce 1.8 million barrels per day in 13 years and will be paid $1.15 (U.S.) per barrel of crude they produce from the southern field.

Lukoil's vice president of strategy and business development, Dmitry A. Timoshenko, hailed the signing as an important step forward in its work with the Iraqi government.

"Now we are waiting for the other legal procedures to be completed," Timoshenko said. "We hope that these procedures will be concluded soon so that we can start our work as soon as possible.''

For Iraq, the deal marks a crucial step forward in the country's sofar faltering bid to raise oil output.

Although it sits atop the world's third largest proven reserves of conventional crude oil, Iraq produces about 2.5 million barrels per day, of which about 1.9 million barrels a day are exported.

Decades of neglect of the fields have been compounded by the effects of the fighting and sabotage in the wake of the 2003 U.S.-led war to oust Saddam. That violence has meant that Iraq has been unable to even reach its pre-war output levels of oil. Crude oil sales account for roughly 90 per cent of the government's budget.

The oil auction held earlier this month was crucial for Iraq, during which seven deals were awarded. At the first round of bidding in June, only one deals was signed on the spot.

At that auction, six oil and two gas fields were offered, but interest was only on the safest and cheapest fields to develop, with companies shrinking away from fields in restive regions where violence is a key concern as U.S. troops prepare to withdraw from Iraq. Two other deals were subsequently struck.

The second auction saw more deals done – a total of seven. But most of the interest was again focused on fields in the relatively calm and stable Shiite heartland in the south and the U.S. supermajors like Exxon Mobil failed to even bid, let alone win, any of the fields.

Oil Minister Hussain al-Shahristani ambitiously projected that with these fields, along with others Iraq will develop independently, output could climb to 12 million barrels per day within six years. Analysts say those expectations will fall far short of the reality.

Senior Deputy Oil Minister Abdul-Karim Elaibi said all the deals awarded during the second auction will be submitted to the Cabinet on Thursday for approval.

The deal was a coup for Lukoil, which had been granted the rights to develop the field in 1997 by Saddam Hussein only to see the dictator rescind the $3.7 billion contract five years later.

Lukoil had been trying to revive the deal since 2003 after Moscow wrote off most of Iraq's $12.9 billion in debts. Iraqi officials, however, eager to make sure that the reopening of the country's oil sector to the world was as transparent as possible, shrugged off the Russian calls and insisted on putting the field up for bids.

Lukoil and Statoil beat out three other consortiums led by Britain's BP PLC, France's Total SA and Malaysia's state-run Petronas to nab the rights to develop the mammoth field. Although discovered in August 1973, it has been only partially developed, with a total of 13 wells drilled, so far.

The field lies next to the West Qurna Phase 1 field, which has 8.6 billion-barrel and was part of three deals awarded in Iraq's first bidding round.

A consortium grouping U.S. and European oil giants Exxon Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell PLC won the rights to develop West Qurna Phase 1 field for $1.9 per barrel produced and signed an initial deal. It also still waiting the Cabinet's final approval.

Four other deals emerging from the second auction were initialed last week. Those included fields won by consortiums led by European giant Royal Dutch Shell PLC, Petronas, China's CNPC and Russia's Gazprom.

The last two deals – with Angola's Sonangol – will be initialed Wednesday.

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San Francisco brokerage Charles Schwab said Monday that fourth-quarter earnings will come in lower than the third quarter.

The firm said earnings per share will be 2 cents to 4 cents lower than the prior quarter due to lower interest rates and slower trading in recent weeks.

Schwab (NASDAQ: SCHW) also said Monday that it plans to waive $108 million in fees on its money market funds, an 8 percent increase from the firm’s earlier forecast.

The earnings warning indicates Schwab expects to earn 13 cents to 15 cents per share in the current quarter, down from 17 cents in the third quarter and 27 cents per share in last year’s fourth quarter Payday advance.

November’s daily average trading — a key performance measure at Schwab — was down 11 percent from October and down 27 percent from November 2008, when financial markets were in a tailspin.

“Continued declines in the rate environment have led to heightened revenue pressures … and client trading volumes have slowed in recent weeks,” said Joe Martinetto, Schwab’s chief financial officer.

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Options traders are growing less bullish on the yen after efforts by Japanese officials to boost the world’s second-biggest economy and a U.S. jobs report led to the currency’s biggest weekly decline in a decade.

Japan’s currency plunged 2.5 percent against the dollar and 1.3 percent versus the euro on Dec. 4 after the U.S. Labor Department said employers cut the fewest jobs since the recession began. The yen sank 4.5 percent versus the greenback for the week, the most since February 1999 and retreating from a 14-year high. Traders sold yen and bought dollars on speculation interest rates in the U.S. will increase before June.

“The improving U.S. jobs market suggests the Federal Reserve won’t stand pat on interest rates longer than the Bank of Japan,” said Kazutoshi Yasuda, general manager of the markets department in Tokyo at FX Prime Corp., a unit of Itochu Corp. Increased U.S. borrowing costs would lead traders to favor using yen to finance higher-yielding investments, leading to more losses for the Japanese currency, he said.

Options showed declining bets the yen will rise. The odds for a gain to 84.5 yen per dollar by the end of March from 90.56 last week fell to 38 percent from 80 percent on Nov. 30, data compiled by Bloomberg show. Chances of a decline to 92 versus the dollar by Dec. 31 reached 63 percent. Options grant buyers the right to purchase or sell an asset at a predetermined price.

Weekly Tumble

The yen tumbled 3.6 percent versus the euro last week, the sharpest slide since the five days to April 3. The yen also fell 4.5 percent against the dollar, the most since the week ended Feb. 19, 1999, when it slumped 5.9 percent. The yen’s biggest drop during the week came after the U.S. Labor Department said payrolls dropped by 11,000 last month, the smallest decrease since the recession began.

The yen traded at 89.90 per dollar as of 11:53 a.m. in Tokyo from 90.56 last week, and was at 133.87 versus the euro from 134.54.

“What the job numbers do is firm up expectations that the Fed interest-rate hike is coming,” said Camilla Sutton, a strategist in Toronto at Bank of Nova Scotia, the nation’s third-largest lender. “That should be a strong-dollar story.”

Federal-funds futures contracts on the Chicago Board of Trade show a 43.3 percent probability the U.S. central bank will raise its target rate for overnight bank borrowing to 0.5 percent by June from the current range of zero to 0.25 percent, up from 12.6 percent odds a month ago.

‘Finally Turning’

UBS AG expects the Fed to set its key rate at the top end of its 0.25 percent range in April and follow with a quarter- point increase in June. The jobs report and last week’s gains “suggest the greenback is finally turning,” Mansoor Mohi-uddin, the Zurich-based bank’s global head of currency strategy, wrote in a note to clients.

The yen was the best performer against the dollar among the 16 most-traded currencies the past four years, Bloomberg data show. It surged to 84.83 on Nov. 27, the strongest since July 1995, from 124.13 in June 2007. The yen tends to advance amid financial turmoil because Japan’s trade surplus reduces reliance on foreign capital.

Record low U.S. interest rates have kept the dollar under pressure at the expense of the yen, making the greenback the favorite for so-called carry trades, where investors raise funds in countries with low borrowing costs and use the proceeds to invest in countries with higher returns.

Benchmark rates of as low as zero in the U.S. and 0.1 percent in Japan compare with 3.75 in Australia and 2.5 percent in New Zealand.

Libor

The London interbank offered rate, or Libor, for three- month loans in the U.S. currency has been below the equivalent yen rate since Aug. 24. In the decade before then, the dollar rate averaged 2.94 percentage points more than the yen rate.

Contracts betting the yen would climb against the dollar rose to 51,710 on Nov. 27, the most since May 2008, according to the Commodities Futures Trading Commission in Washington based on contracts at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. As recently as June, there more contracts betting on a decline than a gain.

Such “extreme” positioning may suggest that the decline in the yen represents traders unwinding “long” positions rather than an outright bet on the currency’s depreciation, Marc Chandler, the global head of currency strategy at Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. in New York, said in a note to clients on Dec. 4.

The median estimate of more than 30 strategists surveyed by Bloomberg is for the yen to end March at 92 to the dollar and 136 to the euro.

‘Urgent Steps’

Fujio Mitarai, head of Japan’s largest business lobby, called on the government to take “urgent steps” on Nov. 27 to curb gains in the yen, which make Japanese exports less competitive and threaten corporate profits. The same day, Finance Minister Hirohisa Fujii said in Tokyo the nation will “do what is necessary” and he may contact U.S. and European officials to act.

Exports make up about 12 percent of Japan’s economy, compared with 6 percent in the U.S. The nation’s gross domestic product is forecast to shrink 5.7 percent this year, according to the median estimate of economists surveyed by Bloomberg. That compares with a contraction of 2.4 percent in the U.S.

The Bank of Japan announced an emergency 10 trillion yen ($113 billion) credit program on Dec. 1 to combat falling prices and the stronger yen. The spread between dollar- and yen-based Libor narrowed to 2.72 basis points on Dec. 4 from as much as 7.25 basis points on Sept. 8.

Stimulus Plan

“The BOJ’s action worked,” said Masato Mori, senior manager of the business and marketing department at NTT SmartTrade Inc. a unit of Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Corp. “Stopping the yen’s advance will require additional spending from the government.”

A stimulus plan worth as much as 4 trillion yen may be agreed upon today, Chief Cabinet Secretary Hirofumi Hirano said last week. The government planned to announce the measures on Dec. 4 before disagreements between Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama’s ruling Democratic Party of Japan and coalition partners, who want a larger package, caused a delay.

Bonds to be issued in the fiscal year starting April 1 may reach 146.2 trillion yen compared with a revised 132.3 trillion yen this year, according to Citigroup Global Markets Japan Inc.

“There is probably enough in the policy action in Japan by the government and the BOJ to argue for further upside on cross- yen currencies near term,” said Greg Gibbs, a foreign-exchange strategist at Royal Bank of Scotland Group Plc in Sydney.

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The Toronto stock market surged to its highest close of the year Tuesday as worries about Dubai's credit problems receded while a trio of American economic reports reinforced the impression a rebound is underway.

The S&P/TSX composite index jumped 260.12 points to 11,707.32 – its highest close since October 2008 – led by rising commodity stocks as a weaker U.S. dollar helped boost oil and metals.

The gain left the TSX up 30.25 per cent year to date.

Markets were sent reeling late last week after Dubai World said it wanted to postpone payments on its approximately US$60 billion of debt for at least six months. But investors felt better about the Dubai issue after the Persian Gulf emirate's government-owned conglomerate, Dubai World, said that it had begun "constructive" discussions with its creditors over US$26 billion of its debt.

"It does seem contained," said Ian Nakamoto, director of research at MacDougall, MacDougall and MacTier.

"The most important thing is that there is no contagion effect and what I mean by that is that investors don't say: 'What else is out there; is it going to be a domino effect?' And so far, it doesn't look that way."

A weaker U.S. currency pushed the Canadian dollar up 0.81 cents to 95.54 cents US.

The move up also came amid a comment from a senior Russian central bank official that the country will buy Canadian dollars in the next few months in a bid to diversify its currency reserves. Russia had previously mentioned plans to buy Canadian and Australian dollars in the near term, but had not specified when that would happen.

The TSX energy sector was 2.17 per cent higher as positive economic data from China and U.S. dollar weakness sent the January crude contract on the New York Mercantile Exchange up $1.09 to US$78.37 a barrel. A Chinese industry group released a survey showing manufacturing activity expanded in November for a ninth straight month. EnCana Corp. (TSX: ECA) gained $1.06 to C$57.63 while Suncor Inc. (TSX: SU) climbed $1.30 to $39.20.

The December bullion contract on the Nymex climbed $18 to a record high close of US$1,199.10 an ounce, taking the gold sector up 5.28 per cent. Goldcorp Inc. (TSX: G) advanced $2.83 to C$46.90.

Shares in Barrick Gold Corp. (TSX: ABX) climbed $3.34 to $48.20 after the company said it had eliminated all of its gold hedges ahead of schedule. The hedges had limited Barrick's ability to take advantage of rising gold prices, although they also were designed to protect the company from lower prices.

The base metals sector ran up 2.6 per cent as the December copper contract added 5.5 cents to US$3.20 a pound. Teck Resources (TSX: TCK.B) was up 52 cents to C$37.01 while Equinox Minerals (TSX: EQN) was up 30 cents at $4.20.

Richard Ross, global technical strategist at Auerbach Grayson in New York, said the drop in the U.S. dollar and the jump in riskier assets like commodities signals investors aren't willing to give up on the market's surge even if they have concerns it might be overdone.

"It speaks to that sort of bullish undercurrent," he said. “Whether it's misplaced optimism, that's another question."

The industrials sector, up 1.83 per cent, also lifted the TSX, with Bombardier Inc. (TSX: BBD.B) ahead 12 cents to $4.60.

Shares in Canadian Pacific Railway (TSX: CP) rose 93 cents to $51.90 after Canada's second-largest railway company said it's making a $500-million voluntary payment to its pension plan.

The financials sector advanced 1.29 per cent ahead of earnings reports from most of the big banks later in the week. National Bank (TSX: NA), TD Bank (TSX: TD), CIBC (TSX: CM) report on Thursday while Royal Bank (TSX: RY) issues earnings on Friday. TD Bank (TSX: TD) advanced 92 cents to $67.38 and Bank of Montreal (TSX: BMO) moved up 77 cents to $54.52.

The TSX Venture Exchange moved ahead 35.43 points to 1,450.49.

New York indexes also made solid gains with the Dow Jones industrials up 126.74 points to 10,471.58 after the Institute for Supply Management said its manufacturing index came in at 53.6 in November after a 55.7 reading in October. A reading above 50 indicates growth but the showing was below the 55 level that economists had expected.

"We are not overly concerned with the monthly drop, as there has been a lot of positive momentum in this indicator recently, which indicates the manufacturing sector is trying to catch its breath rather than what runners like to call hitting the wall," said Ian Pollick, economics strategist at TD Securities.

"Additionally, it would be a mistake not to recognize that the absolute level of the index continues to sit above the 50-threshold."

The Nasdaq composite index rose 31.21 points to 2,175.81 while the S&P 500 index climbed 13.23 points to 1,108.86.

Other data showed that number of homebuyers who signed contracts to buy previously occupied homes rose 3.7 per cent from September to October. The National Association of Realtors' adjusted index of sales agreements hit 114.1. Economists surveyed by Thomson Reuters expected the index would fall to 109.5.

And construction spending posted a tiny increase in October, the first advance in six months.

In other corporate news, Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd. (TSX: AEM) said Monday that drilling results support the company's position that there is considerable exploration upside at its Kittila project in Finland and Pinos Altos project in Mexico. Its shares rose $2.86 to $68.66.

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The United Arab Emirates’ central bank set up an emergency facility on Sunday to support bank liquidity in the first policy response to Dubai’s debt woes that threatened to paralyze lending and derail economic recovery.

Dubai rocked the financial world on November 25 when it said it would ask creditors of Dubai World, the conglomerate behind its rapid expansion, and Nakheel, builder of its palm-shaped islands, to agree to a standstill on billions of dollars of debt as a first step to restructuring.

As a result, banks face heavy losses and the risk that fearful depositors could rush to remove cash from the system, and threatening interbank lending with the second largest Arab economy still facing a downturn this year.

“It might support the market a little bit but I don’t think it is enough,” said Shawkut Raslan, head of brokerage at Prime Emirates brokerage.

“I think some foreigners will take their money of the country and others will be afraid to put their money into these markets.” The central bank policy move came late on Sunday as Dubai’s Supreme Fiscal Committee gathered to prepare a statement before market open on Monday in an attempt to reassure investors.

The central bank said the banking system was more sound and liquid than a year ago, when the global crisis ended the oil and real estate fueled boom in Arab Gulf, the world’s top oil producing region.

The monetary authority said on Saturday it was closely watching events stemming from the Dubai debt crisis to ensure there is no negative impact on the UAE economy.

Before the Dubai debt crisis, the UAE economy was seen falling by 1.1 percent this year before returning to a 2.9 percent growth in 2010, a Reuters poll of analysts showed earlier this month.

PREVENTIVE MOVE

Analysts said the central bank’s move was a preventive measure to avoid a possible capital flight and a run on deposits when markets reopen on Monday after a four-day holiday break.

“It is important because the main concern is that there might be some panic behavior by depositors in Dubai and by bankers who want to take deposits out of the banking system,” said John Sfakianakis, chief economist at Banque Saudi Fransi-Credit Agricole Group in Riyadh.

Senior bankers in Abu Dhabi, Dubai’s oil-rich cousin in the UAE federation, told Reuters on Friday Abu Dhabi banks have built up an exposure to Dubai-based companies worth at least 30 percent of their loan books.

In reaction to Dubai’s debt problems, Fitch Ratings has said it downgraded Dubai Bank, Tamweel and Bahrain’s TAIB Bank.

“It (the facility) would cover the immediate concerns related to deposits in the UAE banks,” said Ghanem Nuseibeh, senior analyst at Political Capital consultancy.

“It doesn’t mean that lending would necessarily ease. It is no guarantee for depositors. We still don’t know the extent of the UAE banks’ exposure to Dubai’s problems,” he said. 

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Norway must remove government stimulus or risk faster interest-rate increases that would strengthen the krone and stifle an export recovery, Finance Minister Sigbjoern Johnsen said.

“My main task is to try to prevent fiscal policy putting an extra burden on the krone,” Johnsen, named to the post last month, said in a Nov. 20 interview in Oslo. “The extraordinary efforts of the fiscal policy should be phased out.”

Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg’s Labor-led government, which was re-elected in September, will breach expenditure guidelines for a second consecutive year after using a record amount of the nation’s $440 billion oil wealth to revive the economy in 2009. The pre-election pledge to spend more came after the world’s sixth-biggest oil exporter, which boasts Europe’s lowest unemployment rate, had already emerged from recession in the second quarter.

Norway’s recovery trajectory has forced interest rates higher. Norges Bank on Oct. 28 became the first rate-setter in Europe to lift borrowing costs since the height of the global slump. Governor Svein Gjedrem increased the deposit rate by a quarter point to 1.5 percent and his bank predicts the rate will average 1.75 percent this year and 2.25 percent in 2010, rising to an average of 4.25 percent by 2012.

“If we spend too much money” it would lead “to a faster increase in interest rates and this could have an impact on the exchange rate and on the competitiveness of our businesses,” Johnsen said.

Krone Best Performer

The prospect of higher rates has helped the krone, making it the best performer of the 16 major currencies tracked by Bloomberg since the end of June. The krone is up 7.3 percent against the euro and 14 percent against the dollar in the period.

That’s cutting into profits at manufacturers like Norsk Hydro ASA, Europe’s second-largest aluminum producer. For every krone the Norwegian currency strengthens against the dollar, based on an exchange rate of 5 instant payday loan.5 kroner, Norsk Hydro’s earnings before interest and tax would be cut by 1.6 billion kroner ($282 million), according to its third-quarter presentation.

Norway’s mainland economy, which excludes oil, gas and shipping, will grow 2.8 percent next year and 3.2 percent in 2011, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

OECD Warning

The government’s spending plans have attracted criticism from the Paris-based organization, which on Nov. 19 warned of the need for “strong fiscal consolidation” and said that “sizeable” policy tightening is “desirable” after a “tremendous” stimulus.

Johnsen, who served as finance minister under Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland from 1990 to 1996, faces the challenge of reining in public spending while keeping his party’s election pledge to support welfare and employment.

Norway, which is also the world’s second biggest natural gas exporter, puts most of its petroleum revenue in a sovereign wealth fund established during Johnsen’s first term in office.

The Government Pension Fund - Global, which started to invest Norway’s oil wealth in 1996, was created to avoid stoking inflation by preventing oil and gas income from seeping through to consumption. Fiscal spending guidelines limit the use of oil money to plug budget deficits to 4 percent of the fund.

Johnsen isn’t promising a sudden shift in his government’s stance.

The return to the spending rule “must be gradual,” Johnsen said. “I will try what I can in order to get back on the 4 percent path during this period. But it is going to be difficult.”

Editors: Chris Kirkham, Tasneem Brogger.

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Countries need to maintain stimulus programs to help support their economies because a further deterioration of the U.S. housing market and volatile oil prices pose risks to the global recovery, OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurria said.

“It’s very early to stop the stimulus,” the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s Gurria said in an interview with Bloomberg yesterday in Busan, South Korea. The key “question will be when to move from policy-based recovery to self-sustained growth.”

The OECD in September predicted a “modest” recovery for the world’s leading industrialized economies, saying the Group of Seven nations will shrink 3.7 percent this year, rather than the 4.1 percent projected in June. The organization has also said weakness in corporate profits, hiring, incomes and housing markets would slow the subsequent rebound payday advance lender.

“There still are a number of downside risks” to growth, Gurria said in the interview. These include volatility in oil prices, “which can affect some other types of prices, including the price of food.” Governments are still to finish the recapitalization of banks, which “have not yet restarted lending at the natural pace,” he said.

The credit-market meltdown that led to a financial crisis has caused more than $1.6 trillion in losses and writedowns worldwide.

European Central Bank governing council member Christian Noyer said earlier this week banks need to shore up their capital base, recommending restraint in dividend distributions and compensation.

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The Obama administration’s pay czar is imposing tough cuts on 175 big earners — but many on Wall Street are still on track for a banner payday.

Kenneth Feinberg, appointed the Treasury’s special master for compensation in June, has ultimate say over compensation for the top paid employees at the 7 most bailed-out companies: AIG (AIG, Fortune 500), Bank of America (BAC, Fortune 500), Citigroup (C, Fortune 500), General Motors, Chrysler, GMAC and Chrysler Financial.

In a policy announced Thursday, Feinberg demanded salary cuts of up to 90%, and total reductions — including stock and options — of 50%.

But Feinberg’s ruling does not impact other financial firms that are on track to pay out record bonuses, like Goldman Sachs (GS, Fortune 500), Morgan Stanley (MS, Fortune 500) and JPMorgan Chase (JPM, Fortune 500).

Revenue projections for those firms keep rising, and analysts say bonuses will be back on track for another record year following a one-year dive in 2008. Goldman Sachs said last week that it set aside $16.7 billion for salaries, employee stock options and bonuses, which works out to about $526,814 per employee.

"The whole bailout situation has raised a lot of questions about fairness," said Eleanor Bloxham, chief executive of The Value Alliance and Corporate Governance Alliance. "It’s important to have similar rules for everyone, especially as we get into the broader issue of oversight."

Bloxham said compensation is a concern at every financial institution. Executives who are paid in large dollar amounts regardless of company performance could be inclined to make riskier bets.

The more than 600 companies that have received capital investments from the $700 billion bailout are subject to executive compensation curbs, including limits on perks and golden parachutes.

No bailout, no pay regulation … yet. Companies like Goldman and JPMorgan, which have paid the government back the billions of dollars in bailout funds they received from taxpayers, are no longer under the scrutiny of Treasury.

For those companies and others that never received TARP funds, lawmakers are examining other ways of regulating executive pay. A "Say on Pay" bill that would give shareholders the ability to issue a non-binding statement on executive compensation passed a House vote in August and is likely to land on President Obama’s desk in the coming months.

Financial firms have largely agreed executive compensation needs to be more closely aligned with performance, but almost all have said that they can handle the issue themselves.

"From my view, I’m a capitalist, I think it should be left to us," John Mack, chief executive of Morgan Stanley, told CNNMoney last week.

Others argue regulators need to have an even heavier hand in companies’ executive compensation decisions, especially since the government has played an important role in the success of those companies.

Even financial firms that have paid their TARP loans back are still benefiting from the bailout, as many of their counterparties are are able to do business with them thanks in large part to taxpayers’ capital investments.

"From a TARP perspective they paid their money back," bailout overseer Neil Barofsky told CNN on Wednesday. "I think there’s a frustration that they’re the beneficiaries of other government programs that have let these companies rely on cheap profits."

In a report released Wednesday, Barofsky said that market behavior and performance has been positively impacted by the massive infusions of government capital. As a result, banks are getting healthier, financial stocks are soaring, and bonuses are expected to hit a record in 2009.

Bloxham, for one, believes the government should have a role in restricting wildly out-of-whack pay packages. She suggests the SEC and the Fed should draft enforceable guidelines for executive compensation at companies that ensure businesses are not engaging in practices that could bring the whole financial system down.

Why only seven. The official reason is that the Treasury Department gave Feinberg the power to regulate pay at any of the companies that have received "extraordinary assistance" beyond the more than 600 firms that have gotten capital investments from taxpayers.

To be sure, those companies are a good start. AIG is probably the most reviled company in the world. Bank of America is under investigation for lying to its shareholders about bonuses. Once mighty Citigroup is in the process of splitting its business in two. And the automakers went through very public bankruptcies.

Some experts believe that the government is trying to make an example of these seven firms, hoping that others will fall in line.

"The government is trying to use these guys as examples for what other companies should do," said Ken Raskin head the executive compensation practice at White & Case. "Every layman has heard about these companies and most want to see government action on them."

"But to do the same for another 100 companies would be, perhaps, an insurmountable task," he added.

Raskin believes that Feinberg’s authority should end with the seven top banks, as the government would otherwise be perceived as overstepping its bounds, especially for companies that are not TARP recipients.  

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